Note

Arb was merged into FLINT in 2023.

The documentation on arblib.org will no longer be updated.

arb_hypgeom.h – hypergeometric functions of real variables¶

See acb_hypgeom.h – hypergeometric functions of complex variables for the general implementation of hypergeometric functions.

For convenience, this module provides versions of the same functions for real variables represented using arb_t and arb_poly_t. Most methods are simple wrappers around the complex versions, but some of the functions in this module have been further optimized specifically for real variables.

This module also provides certain functions exclusive to real variables, such as functions for computing real roots of common special functions.

Rising factorials¶

void _arb_hypgeom_rising_coeffs_1(ulong *c, ulong k, slong n)¶
void _arb_hypgeom_rising_coeffs_2(ulong *c, ulong k, slong n)¶
void _arb_hypgeom_rising_coeffs_fmpz(fmpz *c, ulong k, slong n)¶: Sets c to the coefficients of the rising factorial polynomial \((X+k)_n\). The 1 and 2 versions respectively compute single-word and double-word coefficients, without checking for overflow, while the fmpz version allows arbitrarily large coefficients. These functions are mostly intended for internal use; the fmpz version does not use an asymptotically fast algorithm. The degree n must be at least 2.

void arb_hypgeom_rising_ui_forward(arb_t res, const arb_t x, ulong n, slong prec)¶

void arb_hypgeom_rising_ui_bs(arb_t res, const arb_t x, ulong n, slong prec)¶

void arb_hypgeom_rising_ui_rs(arb_t res, const arb_t x, ulong n, ulong m, slong prec)¶

void arb_hypgeom_rising_ui_rec(arb_t res, const arb_t x, ulong n, slong prec)¶

void arb_hypgeom_rising_ui(arb_t res, const arb_t x, ulong n, slong prec)¶

void arb_hypgeom_rising(arb_t res, const arb_t x, const arb_t n, slong prec)¶

Computes the rising factorial \((x)_n\).

The forward version uses the forward recurrence. The bs version uses binary splitting. The rs version uses rectangular splitting. It takes an extra tuning parameter m which can be set to zero to choose automatically. The rec version chooses an algorithm automatically, avoiding use of the gamma function (so that it can be used in the computation of the gamma function). The default versions (rising_ui and rising_ui) choose an algorithm automatically and may additionally fall back on the gamma function.

void arb_hypgeom_rising_ui_jet_powsum(arb_ptr res, const arb_t x, ulong n, slong len, slong prec)¶

void arb_hypgeom_rising_ui_jet_bs(arb_ptr res, const arb_t x, ulong n, slong len, slong prec)¶

void arb_hypgeom_rising_ui_jet_rs(arb_ptr res, const arb_t x, ulong n, ulong m, slong len, slong prec)¶

void arb_hypgeom_rising_ui_jet(arb_ptr res, const arb_t x, ulong n, slong len, slong prec)¶

Computes the jet of the rising factorial \((x)_n\), truncated to length len. In other words, constructs the polynomial \((X + x)_n \in \mathbb{R}[X]\), truncated if \(\operatorname{len} < n + 1\) (and zero-extended if \(\operatorname{len} > n + 1\)).

The powsum version computes the sequence of powers of x and forms integral linear combinations of these. The bs version uses binary splitting. The rs version uses rectangular splitting. It takes an extra tuning parameter m which can be set to zero to choose automatically. The default version chooses an algorithm automatically.

Gamma function¶

void _arb_hypgeom_gamma_stirling_term_bounds(slong *bound, const mag_t zinv, slong N)¶: For \(1 \le n < N\), sets bound to an exponent bounding the n-th term in the Stirling series for the gamma function, given a precomputed upper bound for \(|z|^{-1}\). This function is intended for internal use and does not check for underflow or underflow in the exponents.

void arb_hypgeom_gamma_stirling_sum_horner(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong N, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_gamma_stirling_sum_improved(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong N, slong K, slong prec)¶: Sets res to the final sum in the Stirling series for the gamma function truncated before the term with index N, i.e. computes \(\sum_{n=1}^{N-1} B_{2n} / (2n(2n-1) z^{2n-1})\). The horner version uses Horner scheme with gradual precision adjustments. The improved version uses rectangular splitting for the low-index terms and reexpands the high-index terms as hypergeometric polynomials, using a splitting parameter K (which can be set to 0 to use a default value).

void arb_hypgeom_gamma_stirling(arb_t res, const arb_t x, int reciprocal, slong prec)¶: Sets res to the gamma function of x computed using the Stirling series together with argument reduction. If reciprocal is set, the reciprocal gamma function is computed instead.

int arb_hypgeom_gamma_taylor(arb_t res, const arb_t x, int reciprocal, slong prec)¶: Attempts to compute the gamma function of x using Taylor series together with argument reduction. This is only supported if x and prec are both small enough. If successful, returns 1; otherwise, does nothing and returns 0. If reciprocal is set, the reciprocal gamma function is computed instead.

void arb_hypgeom_gamma(arb_t res, const arb_t x, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_gamma_fmpq(arb_t res, const fmpq_t x, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_gamma_fmpz(arb_t res, const fmpz_t x, slong prec)¶: Sets res to the gamma function of x computed using a default algorithm choice.

void arb_hypgeom_rgamma(arb_t res, const arb_t x, slong prec)¶: Sets res to the reciprocal gamma function of x computed using a default algorithm choice.

void arb_hypgeom_lgamma(arb_t res, const arb_t x, slong prec)¶: Sets res to the log-gamma function of x computed using a default algorithm choice.

Binomial coefficients¶

void arb_hypgeom_central_bin_ui(arb_t res, ulong n, slong prec)¶: Computes the central binomial coefficient \({2n \choose n}\).

Generalized hypergeometric function¶

void arb_hypgeom_pfq(arb_t res, arb_srcptr a, slong p, arb_srcptr b, slong q, const arb_t z, int regularized, slong prec)¶: Computes the generalized hypergeometric function \({}_pF_{q}(z)\), or the regularized version if regularized is set.

Confluent hypergeometric functions¶

void arb_hypgeom_0f1(arb_t res, const arb_t a, const arb_t z, int regularized, slong prec)¶: Computes the confluent hypergeometric limit function \({}_0F_1(a,z)\), or \(\frac{1}{\Gamma(a)} {}_0F_1(a,z)\) if regularized is set.

void arb_hypgeom_m(arb_t res, const arb_t a, const arb_t b, const arb_t z, int regularized, slong prec)¶: Computes the confluent hypergeometric function \(M(a,b,z) = {}_1F_1(a,b,z)\), or \(\mathbf{M}(a,b,z) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(b)} {}_1F_1(a,b,z)\) if regularized is set.

void arb_hypgeom_1f1(arb_t res, const arb_t a, const arb_t b, const arb_t z, int regularized, slong prec)¶: Alias for arb_hypgeom_m().

void arb_hypgeom_1f1_integration(arb_t res, const arb_t a, const arb_t b, const arb_t z, int regularized, slong prec)¶

Computes the confluent hypergeometric function using numerical integration of the representation

\[{}_1F_1(a,b,z) = \frac{\Gamma(b)}{\Gamma(a) \Gamma(b-a)} \int_0^1 e^{zt} t^{a-1} (1-t)^{b-a-1} dt.\]

This algorithm can be useful if the parameters are large. This will currently only return a finite enclosure if \(a \ge 1\) and \(b - a \ge 1\).

void arb_hypgeom_u(arb_t res, const arb_t a, const arb_t b, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the confluent hypergeometric function \(U(a,b,z)\).

void arb_hypgeom_u_integration(arb_t res, const arb_t a, const arb_t b, const arb_t z, int regularized, slong prec)¶

Computes the confluent hypergeometric function \(U(a,b,z)\) using numerical integration of the representation

\[U(a,b,z) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(a)} \int_0^{\infty} e^{-zt} t^{a-1} (1+t)^{b-a-1} dt.\]

This algorithm can be useful if the parameters are large. This will currently only return a finite enclosure if \(a \ge 1\) and \(z > 0\).

Gauss hypergeometric function¶

void arb_hypgeom_2f1(arb_t res, const arb_t a, const arb_t b, const arb_t c, const arb_t z, int regularized, slong prec)¶

Computes the Gauss hypergeometric function \({}_2F_1(a,b,c,z)\), or \(\mathbf{F}(a,b,c,z) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(c)} {}_2F_1(a,b,c,z)\) if regularized is set.

Additional evaluation flags can be passed via the regularized argument; see acb_hypgeom_2f1() for documentation.

void arb_hypgeom_2f1_integration(arb_t res, const arb_t a, const arb_t b, const arb_t z, int regularized, slong prec)¶

Computes the Gauss hypergeometric function using numerical integration of the representation

\[{}_2F_1(a,b,c,z) = \frac{\Gamma(a)}{\Gamma(b) \Gamma(c-b)} \int_0^1 t^{b-1} (1-t)^{c-b-1} (1-zt)^{-a} dt.\]

This algorithm can be useful if the parameters are large. This will currently only return a finite enclosure if \(b \ge 1\) and \(c - b \ge 1\) and \(z < 1\), possibly with a and b exchanged.

Error functions and Fresnel integrals¶

void arb_hypgeom_erf(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the error function \(\operatorname{erf}(z)\).

void _arb_hypgeom_erf_series(arb_ptr res, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, slong len, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_erf_series(arb_poly_t res, const arb_poly_t z, slong len, slong prec)¶: Computes the error function of the power series z, truncated to length len.

void arb_hypgeom_erfc(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the complementary error function \(\operatorname{erfc}(z) = 1 - \operatorname{erf}(z)\). This function avoids catastrophic cancellation for large positive z.

void _arb_hypgeom_erfc_series(arb_ptr res, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, slong len, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_erfc_series(arb_poly_t res, const arb_poly_t z, slong len, slong prec)¶: Computes the complementary error function of the power series z, truncated to length len.

void arb_hypgeom_erfi(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the imaginary error function \(\operatorname{erfi}(z) = -i\operatorname{erf}(iz)\).

void _arb_hypgeom_erfi_series(arb_ptr res, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, slong len, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_erfi_series(arb_poly_t res, const arb_poly_t z, slong len, slong prec)¶: Computes the imaginary error function of the power series z, truncated to length len.

void arb_hypgeom_erfinv(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_erfcinv(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the inverse error function \(\operatorname{erf}^{-1}(z)\) or inverse complementary error function \(\operatorname{erfc}^{-1}(z)\).

void arb_hypgeom_fresnel(arb_t res1, arb_t res2, const arb_t z, int normalized, slong prec)¶: Sets res1 to the Fresnel sine integral \(S(z)\) and res2 to the Fresnel cosine integral \(C(z)\). Optionally, just a single function can be computed by passing NULL as the other output variable. The definition \(S(z) = \int_0^z \sin(t^2) dt\) is used if normalized is 0, and \(S(z) = \int_0^z \sin(\tfrac{1}{2} \pi t^2) dt\) is used if normalized is 1 (the latter is the Abramowitz & Stegun convention). \(C(z)\) is defined analogously.

void _arb_hypgeom_fresnel_series(arb_ptr res1, arb_ptr res2, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, int normalized, slong len, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_fresnel_series(arb_poly_t res1, arb_poly_t res2, const arb_poly_t z, int normalized, slong len, slong prec)¶: Sets res1 to the Fresnel sine integral and res2 to the Fresnel cosine integral of the power series z, truncated to length len. Optionally, just a single function can be computed by passing NULL as the other output variable.

Incomplete gamma and beta functions¶

void arb_hypgeom_gamma_upper(arb_t res, const arb_t s, const arb_t z, int regularized, slong prec)¶

If regularized is 0, computes the upper incomplete gamma function \(\Gamma(s,z)\).

If regularized is 1, computes the regularized upper incomplete gamma function \(Q(s,z) = \Gamma(s,z) / \Gamma(s)\).

If regularized is 2, computes the generalized exponential integral \(z^{-s} \Gamma(s,z) = E_{1-s}(z)\) instead (this option is mainly intended for internal use; arb_hypgeom_expint() is the intended interface for computing the exponential integral).

void arb_hypgeom_gamma_upper_integration(arb_t res, const arb_t s, const arb_t z, int regularized, slong prec)¶: Computes the upper incomplete gamma function using numerical integration.

void _arb_hypgeom_gamma_upper_series(arb_ptr res, const arb_t s, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, int regularized, slong n, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_gamma_upper_series(arb_poly_t res, const arb_t s, const arb_poly_t z, int regularized, slong n, slong prec)¶: Sets res to an upper incomplete gamma function where s is a constant and z is a power series, truncated to length n. The regularized argument has the same interpretation as in arb_hypgeom_gamma_upper().

void arb_hypgeom_gamma_lower(arb_t res, const arb_t s, const arb_t z, int regularized, slong prec)¶

If regularized is 0, computes the lower incomplete gamma function \(\gamma(s,z) = \frac{z^s}{s} {}_1F_1(s, s+1, -z)\).

If regularized is 1, computes the regularized lower incomplete gamma function \(P(s,z) = \gamma(s,z) / \Gamma(s)\).

If regularized is 2, computes a further regularized lower incomplete gamma function \(\gamma^{*}(s,z) = z^{-s} P(s,z)\).

void _arb_hypgeom_gamma_lower_series(arb_ptr res, const arb_t s, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, int regularized, slong n, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_gamma_lower_series(arb_poly_t res, const arb_t s, const arb_poly_t z, int regularized, slong n, slong prec)¶: Sets res to an lower incomplete gamma function where s is a constant and z is a power series, truncated to length n. The regularized argument has the same interpretation as in arb_hypgeom_gamma_lower().

void arb_hypgeom_beta_lower(arb_t res, const arb_t a, const arb_t b, const arb_t z, int regularized, slong prec)¶: Computes the (lower) incomplete beta function, defined by \(B(a,b;z) = \int_0^z t^{a-1} (1-t)^{b-1}\), optionally the regularized incomplete beta function \(I(a,b;z) = B(a,b;z) / B(a,b;1)\).

void _arb_hypgeom_beta_lower_series(arb_ptr res, const arb_t a, const arb_t b, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, int regularized, slong n, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_beta_lower_series(arb_poly_t res, const arb_t a, const arb_t b, const arb_poly_t z, int regularized, slong n, slong prec)¶: Sets res to the lower incomplete beta function \(B(a,b;z)\) (optionally the regularized version \(I(a,b;z)\)) where a and b are constants and z is a power series, truncating the result to length n. The underscore method requires positive lengths and does not support aliasing.

Internal evaluation functions¶

void _arb_hypgeom_gamma_lower_sum_rs_1(arb_t res, ulong p, ulong q, const arb_t z, slong N, slong prec)¶: Computes \(\sum_{k=0}^{N-1} z^k / (a)_k\) where \(a = p/q\) using rectangular splitting. It is assumed that \(p + qN\) fits in a limb.

void _arb_hypgeom_gamma_upper_sum_rs_1(arb_t res, ulong p, ulong q, const arb_t z, slong N, slong prec)¶: Computes \(\sum_{k=0}^{N-1} (a)_k / z^k\) where \(a = p/q\) using rectangular splitting. It is assumed that \(p + qN\) fits in a limb.

slong _arb_hypgeom_gamma_upper_fmpq_inf_choose_N(mag_t err, const fmpq_t a, const arb_t z, const mag_t abs_tol)¶: Returns number of terms N and sets err to the truncation error for evaluating \(\Gamma(a,z)\) using the asymptotic series at infinity, targeting an absolute tolerance of abs_tol. The error may be set to err if the tolerance cannot be achieved. Assumes that z is positive.

void _arb_hypgeom_gamma_upper_fmpq_inf_bsplit(arb_t res, const fmpq_t a, const arb_t z, slong N, slong prec)¶: Sets res to the approximation of \(\Gamma(a,z)\) obtained by truncating the asymptotic series at infinity before term N. The truncation error bound has to be added separately.

slong _arb_hypgeom_gamma_lower_fmpq_0_choose_N(mag_t err, const fmpq_t a, const arb_t z, const mag_t abs_tol)¶: Returns number of terms N and sets err to the truncation error for evaluating \(\gamma(a,z)\) using the Taylor series at zero, targeting an absolute tolerance of abs_tol. Assumes that z is positive.

void _arb_hypgeom_gamma_lower_fmpq_0_bsplit(arb_t res, const fmpq_t a, const arb_t z, slong N, slong prec)¶: Sets res to the approximation of \(\gamma(a,z)\) obtained by truncating the Taylor series at zero before term N. The truncation error bound has to be added separately.

slong _arb_hypgeom_gamma_upper_singular_si_choose_N(mag_t err, slong n, const arb_t z, const mag_t abs_tol)¶: Returns number of terms N and sets err to the truncation error for evaluating \(\Gamma(-n,z)\) using the Taylor series at zero, targeting an absolute tolerance of abs_tol.

void _arb_hypgeom_gamma_upper_singular_si_bsplit(arb_t res, slong n, const arb_t z, slong N, slong prec)¶: Sets res to the approximation of \(\Gamma(-n,z)\) obtained by truncating the Taylor series at zero before term N. The truncation error bound has to be added separately.

void _arb_gamma_upper_fmpq_step_bsplit(arb_t Gz1, const fmpq_t a, const arb_t z0, const arb_t z1, const arb_t Gz0, const arb_t expmz0, const mag_t abs_tol, slong prec)¶: Given Gz0 and expmz0 representing the values \(\Gamma(a,z_0)\) and \(\exp(-z_0)\), computes \(\Gamma(a,z_1)\) using the Taylor series at \(z_0\) evaluated using binary splitting, targeting an absolute error of abs_tol. Assumes that \(z_0\) and \(z_1\) are positive.

Exponential and trigonometric integrals¶

void arb_hypgeom_expint(arb_t res, const arb_t s, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the generalized exponential integral \(E_s(z)\).

void arb_hypgeom_ei(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the exponential integral \(\operatorname{Ei}(z)\).

void _arb_hypgeom_ei_series(arb_ptr res, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, slong len, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_ei_series(arb_poly_t res, const arb_poly_t z, slong len, slong prec)¶: Computes the exponential integral of the power series z, truncated to length len.

void _arb_hypgeom_si_asymp(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong N, slong prec)¶
void _arb_hypgeom_si_1f2(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong N, slong wp, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_si(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the sine integral \(\operatorname{Si}(z)\).

void _arb_hypgeom_si_series(arb_ptr res, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, slong len, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_si_series(arb_poly_t res, const arb_poly_t z, slong len, slong prec)¶: Computes the sine integral of the power series z, truncated to length len.

void _arb_hypgeom_ci_asymp(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong N, slong prec)¶
void _arb_hypgeom_ci_2f3(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong N, slong wp, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_ci(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the cosine integral \(\operatorname{Ci}(z)\). The result is indeterminate if \(z < 0\) since the value of the function would be complex.

void _arb_hypgeom_ci_series(arb_ptr res, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, slong len, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_ci_series(arb_poly_t res, const arb_poly_t z, slong len, slong prec)¶: Computes the cosine integral of the power series z, truncated to length len.

void arb_hypgeom_shi(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the hyperbolic sine integral \(\operatorname{Shi}(z) = -i \operatorname{Si}(iz)\).

void _arb_hypgeom_shi_series(arb_ptr res, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, slong len, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_shi_series(arb_poly_t res, const arb_poly_t z, slong len, slong prec)¶: Computes the hyperbolic sine integral of the power series z, truncated to length len.

void arb_hypgeom_chi(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the hyperbolic cosine integral \(\operatorname{Chi}(z)\). The result is indeterminate if \(z < 0\) since the value of the function would be complex.

void _arb_hypgeom_chi_series(arb_ptr res, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, slong len, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_chi_series(arb_poly_t res, const arb_poly_t z, slong len, slong prec)¶: Computes the hyperbolic cosine integral of the power series z, truncated to length len.

void arb_hypgeom_li(arb_t res, const arb_t z, int offset, slong prec)¶

If offset is zero, computes the logarithmic integral \(\operatorname{li}(z) = \operatorname{Ei}(\log(z))\).

If offset is nonzero, computes the offset logarithmic integral \(\operatorname{Li}(z) = \operatorname{li}(z) - \operatorname{li}(2)\).

The result is indeterminate if \(z < 0\) since the value of the function would be complex.

void _arb_hypgeom_li_series(arb_ptr res, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, int offset, slong len, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_li_series(arb_poly_t res, const arb_poly_t z, int offset, slong len, slong prec)¶: Computes the logarithmic integral (optionally the offset version) of the power series z, truncated to length len.

Bessel functions¶

void arb_hypgeom_bessel_j(arb_t res, const arb_t nu, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the Bessel function of the first kind \(J_{\nu}(z)\).

void arb_hypgeom_bessel_y(arb_t res, const arb_t nu, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the Bessel function of the second kind \(Y_{\nu}(z)\).

void arb_hypgeom_bessel_jy(arb_t res1, arb_t res2, const arb_t nu, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Sets res1 to \(J_{\nu}(z)\) and res2 to \(Y_{\nu}(z)\), computed simultaneously.

void arb_hypgeom_bessel_i(arb_t res, const arb_t nu, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the modified Bessel function of the first kind \(I_{\nu}(z) = z^{\nu} (iz)^{-\nu} J_{\nu}(iz)\).

void arb_hypgeom_bessel_i_scaled(arb_t res, const arb_t nu, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the function \(e^{-z} I_{\nu}(z)\).

void arb_hypgeom_bessel_k(arb_t res, const arb_t nu, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the modified Bessel function of the second kind \(K_{\nu}(z)\).

void arb_hypgeom_bessel_k_scaled(arb_t res, const arb_t nu, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the function \(e^{z} K_{\nu}(z)\).

void arb_hypgeom_bessel_i_integration(arb_t res, const arb_t nu, const arb_t z, int scaled, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_bessel_k_integration(arb_t res, const arb_t nu, const arb_t z, int scaled, slong prec)¶: Computes the modified Bessel functions using numerical integration.

Airy functions¶

void arb_hypgeom_airy(arb_t ai, arb_t ai_prime, arb_t bi, arb_t bi_prime, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the Airy functions \((\operatorname{Ai}(z), \operatorname{Ai}'(z), \operatorname{Bi}(z), \operatorname{Bi}'(z))\) simultaneously. Any of the four function values can be omitted by passing NULL for the unwanted output variables, speeding up the evaluation.

void arb_hypgeom_airy_jet(arb_ptr ai, arb_ptr bi, const arb_t z, slong len, slong prec)¶: Writes to ai and bi the respective Taylor expansions of the Airy functions at the point z, truncated to length len. Either of the outputs can be NULL to avoid computing that function. The variable z is not allowed to be aliased with the outputs. To simplify the implementation, this method does not compute the series expansions of the primed versions directly; these are easily obtained by computing one extra coefficient and differentiating the output with _arb_poly_derivative().

void _arb_hypgeom_airy_series(arb_ptr ai, arb_ptr ai_prime, arb_ptr bi, arb_ptr bi_prime, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, slong len, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_airy_series(arb_poly_t ai, arb_poly_t ai_prime, arb_poly_t bi, arb_poly_t bi_prime, const arb_poly_t z, slong len, slong prec)¶: Computes the Airy functions evaluated at the power series z, truncated to length len. As with the other Airy methods, any of the outputs can be NULL.

void arb_hypgeom_airy_zero(arb_t a, arb_t a_prime, arb_t b, arb_t b_prime, const fmpz_t n, slong prec)¶: Computes the n-th real zero \(a_n\), \(a'_n\), \(b_n\), or \(b'_n\) for the respective Airy function or Airy function derivative. Any combination of the four output variables can be NULL. The zeros are indexed by increasing magnitude, starting with \(n = 1\) to follow the convention in the literature. An index n that is not positive is invalid input. The implementation uses asymptotic expansions for the zeros [PS1991] together with the interval Newton method for refinement.

Coulomb wave functions¶

void arb_hypgeom_coulomb(arb_t F, arb_t G, const arb_t l, const arb_t eta, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Writes to F, G the values of the respective Coulomb wave functions \(F_{\ell}(\eta,z)\) and \(G_{\ell}(\eta,z)\). Either of the outputs can be NULL.

void arb_hypgeom_coulomb_jet(arb_ptr F, arb_ptr G, const arb_t l, const arb_t eta, const arb_t z, slong len, slong prec)¶: Writes to F, G the respective Taylor expansions of the Coulomb wave functions at the point z, truncated to length len. Either of the outputs can be NULL.

void _arb_hypgeom_coulomb_series(arb_ptr F, arb_ptr G, const arb_t l, const arb_t eta, arb_srcptr z, slong zlen, slong len, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_coulomb_series(arb_poly_t F, arb_poly_t G, const arb_t l, const arb_t eta, const arb_poly_t z, slong len, slong prec)¶: Computes the Coulomb wave functions evaluated at the power series z, truncated to length len. Either of the outputs can be NULL.

Orthogonal polynomials and functions¶

void arb_hypgeom_chebyshev_t(arb_t res, const arb_t nu, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_chebyshev_u(arb_t res, const arb_t nu, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_jacobi_p(arb_t res, const arb_t n, const arb_t a, const arb_t b, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_gegenbauer_c(arb_t res, const arb_t n, const arb_t m, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_laguerre_l(arb_t res, const arb_t n, const arb_t m, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_hermite_h(arb_t res, const arb_t nu, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes Chebyshev, Jacobi, Gegenbauer, Laguerre or Hermite polynomials, or their extensions to non-integer orders.

void arb_hypgeom_legendre_p(arb_t res, const arb_t n, const arb_t m, const arb_t z, int type, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_legendre_q(arb_t res, const arb_t n, const arb_t m, const arb_t z, int type, slong prec)¶: Computes Legendre functions of the first and second kind. See acb_hypgeom_legendre_p() and acb_hypgeom_legendre_q() for definitions.

void arb_hypgeom_legendre_p_ui_deriv_bound(mag_t dp, mag_t dp2, ulong n, const arb_t x, const arb_t x2sub1)¶: Sets dp to an upper bound for \(P'_n(x)\) and dp2 to an upper bound for \(P''_n(x)\) given x assumed to represent a real number with \(|x| \le 1\). The variable x2sub1 must contain the precomputed value \(1-x^2\) (or \(x^2-1\)). This method is used internally to bound the propagated error for Legendre polynomials.

void arb_hypgeom_legendre_p_ui_zero(arb_t res, arb_t res_prime, ulong n, const arb_t x, slong K, slong prec)¶

void arb_hypgeom_legendre_p_ui_one(arb_t res, arb_t res_prime, ulong n, const arb_t x, slong K, slong prec)¶

void arb_hypgeom_legendre_p_ui_asymp(arb_t res, arb_t res_prime, ulong n, const arb_t x, slong K, slong prec)¶

void arb_hypgeom_legendre_p_rec(arb_t res, arb_t res_prime, ulong n, const arb_t x, slong prec)¶

void arb_hypgeom_legendre_p_ui(arb_t res, arb_t res_prime, ulong n, const arb_t x, slong prec)¶

Evaluates the ordinary Legendre polynomial \(P_n(x)\). If res_prime is non-NULL, simultaneously evaluates the derivative \(P'_n(x)\).

The overall algorithm is described in [JM2018].

The versions zero, one respectively use the hypergeometric series expansions at \(x = 0\) and \(x = 1\) while the asymp version uses an asymptotic series on \((-1,1)\) intended for large n. The parameter K specifies the exact number of expansion terms to use (if the series expansion truncated at this point does not give the exact polynomial, an error bound is computed automatically). The asymptotic expansion with error bounds is given in [Bog2012]. The rec version uses the forward recurrence implemented using fixed-point arithmetic; it is only intended for the interval \((-1,1)\), moderate n and modest precision.

The default version attempts to choose the best algorithm automatically. It also estimates the amount of cancellation in the hypergeometric series and increases the working precision to compensate, bounding the propagated error using derivative bounds.

void arb_hypgeom_legendre_p_ui_root(arb_t res, arb_t weight, ulong n, ulong k, slong prec)¶

Sets res to the k-th root of the Legendre polynomial \(P_n(x)\). We index the roots in decreasing order

\[1 > x_0 > x_1 > \ldots > x_{n-1} > -1\]

(which corresponds to ordering the roots of \(P_n(\cos(\theta))\) in order of increasing \(\theta\)). If weight is non-NULL, it is set to the weight corresponding to the node \(x_k\) for Gaussian quadrature on \([-1,1]\). Note that only \(\lceil n / 2 \rceil\) roots need to be computed, since the remaining roots are given by \(x_k = -x_{n-1-k}\).

We compute an enclosing interval using an asymptotic approximation followed by some number of Newton iterations, using the error bounds given in [Pet1999]. If very high precision is requested, the root is subsequently refined using interval Newton steps with doubling working precision.

Dilogarithm¶

void arb_hypgeom_dilog(arb_t res, const arb_t z, slong prec)¶: Computes the dilogarithm \(\operatorname{Li}_2(z)\).

Hypergeometric sums¶

void arb_hypgeom_sum_fmpq_arb_forward(arb_t res, const fmpq *a, slong alen, const fmpq *b, slong blen, const arb_t z, int reciprocal, slong N, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_sum_fmpq_arb_rs(arb_t res, const fmpq *a, slong alen, const fmpq *b, slong blen, const arb_t z, int reciprocal, slong N, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_sum_fmpq_arb(arb_t res, const fmpq *a, slong alen, const fmpq *b, slong blen, const arb_t z, int reciprocal, slong N, slong prec)¶: Sets res to the finite hypergeometric sum \(\sum_{n=0}^{N-1} (\textbf{a})_n z^n / (\textbf{b})_n\) where \(\textbf{x}_n = (x_1)_n (x_2)_n \cdots\), given vectors of rational parameters a (of length alen) and b (of length blen). If reciprocal is set, replace \(z\) by \(1 / z\). The forward version uses the forward recurrence, optimized by delaying divisions, the rs version uses rectangular splitting, and the default version uses an automatic algorithm choice.

void arb_hypgeom_sum_fmpq_imag_arb_forward(arb_t res1, arb_t res2, const fmpq *a, slong alen, const fmpq *b, slong blen, const arb_t z, int reciprocal, slong N, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_sum_fmpq_imag_arb_rs(arb_t res1, arb_t res2, const fmpq *a, slong alen, const fmpq *b, slong blen, const arb_t z, int reciprocal, slong N, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_sum_fmpq_imag_arb_bs(arb_t res1, arb_t res2, const fmpq *a, slong alen, const fmpq *b, slong blen, const arb_t z, int reciprocal, slong N, slong prec)¶
void arb_hypgeom_sum_fmpq_imag_arb(arb_t res1, arb_t res2, const fmpq *a, slong alen, const fmpq *b, slong blen, const arb_t z, int reciprocal, slong N, slong prec)¶: Sets res1 and res2 to the real and imaginary part of the finite hypergeometric sum \(\sum_{n=0}^{N-1} (\textbf{a})_n (i z)^n / (\textbf{b})_n\). If reciprocal is set, replace \(z\) by \(1 / z\).